After the international financial crisis in 2008, global manufacturing growth slowed significantly. However, under the overall low growth, the situation in different countries has been divided. The growth rate of manufacturing industries in developed economies fell sharply compared with that before the crisis. For example, the U.S. manufacturing growth rate dropped from 3.3% in 2007 to 1.7% in 2014, Japan dropped from 6.0% to 1.5%, and Germany dropped from 4.4% to 1.7%. While the manufacturing industries in some emerging markets and developing countries have contrarian growth, such as the Philippines, Cambodia, Malaysia, Cameroon, Mexico, and other countries, the manufacturing growth rate exceeded the pre-crisis level; Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and other countries did not return to the crisis Before, but it is also showing high growth.
This difference in growth rates has contributed to a marked increase in the global share of manufacturing in emerging markets and developing countries after the crisis. Excluding high-income countries, the Asia-Pacific region’s manufacturing value added increased from 15.8% in 2007 to 28.2% in 2013; China’s manufacturing share increased from 12.5% ​​to 24.1%, while India’s increased from 2.0% to 2014. 2.5%. The new global manufacturing order is also reconstructed on this basis and presents three characteristics.
First, China's manufacturing industry has stepped up to the middle and high-end. After the financial crisis, although the growth rate of China's economy and manufacturing industry declined, the pace of industrial upgrading accelerated and the industrial structure was clearly optimized. In 2015, the ratio of China's R&D expenditures to GDP reached 2.1%, which is comparable to that of advanced economies. It ranks among the world's leaders in the number of SCI and EI papers published and the number of invention patents granted. China's manufacturing has not only entered the world's leading ranks in the high-speed rail, construction machinery, communications equipment and other industries, but also emerged in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, new generation Internet, and quantum communications.
Second, developing countries and emerging market countries have become hot spots for international direct investment. With the continuous improvement of infrastructure in developing countries, their low-cost labor advantages have begun to appear, and labor-intensive sectors such as textiles, clothing and other labor-intensive industries and information technology processing and assembly have begun to accelerate the transfer to these countries. From 2007 to 2014, the proportion of developing countries (except China) and emerging market countries that attracted international direct investment flows increased from 26.9% and 31.7% to 51.4% and 53.2%, respectively.
Third, the developed countries still have an advantage in the frontier of technology. The actual effect of the “reindustrialization†of developed countries and the promotion of the backflow of manufacturing industries is not obvious. Take the United States as an example, in 2008, the proportion of added value of the manufacturing industry in GDP fell by 0.5 percentage points from 12.0% to 12.3% after the financial crisis. Basically, it fluctuates below 12.3% and there is no stronger performance. However, the comparative advantages of developed countries’ manufacturing industries have not changed significantly. The United States is still focused on revitalizing the manufacturing industry to give full play to its advantages in science and technology and human resources, and accelerate the development and industrialization of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, three-dimensional printing, virtual reality, life sciences, and new materials, in order to occupy the commanding heights of a new round of industrial competition. .
In general, the global manufacturing order has both changes and changes. What is changing is the increase in the proportion of emerging markets and developing countries. The right to speak in China’s manufacturing industry has further increased; the same is true of the global division of labor based on comparative advantage—emerging markets and developing countries are particularly manufacturing and labor-intensive. The industry has a cost advantage, while the developed countries have obvious advantages in the high-tech industry. They dominate the global value chain and occupy high value-added links, and further exert their control over the global industry by strengthening cutting-edge technological innovation.
This difference in growth rates has contributed to a marked increase in the global share of manufacturing in emerging markets and developing countries after the crisis. Excluding high-income countries, the Asia-Pacific region’s manufacturing value added increased from 15.8% in 2007 to 28.2% in 2013; China’s manufacturing share increased from 12.5% ​​to 24.1%, while India’s increased from 2.0% to 2014. 2.5%. The new global manufacturing order is also reconstructed on this basis and presents three characteristics.
First, China's manufacturing industry has stepped up to the middle and high-end. After the financial crisis, although the growth rate of China's economy and manufacturing industry declined, the pace of industrial upgrading accelerated and the industrial structure was clearly optimized. In 2015, the ratio of China's R&D expenditures to GDP reached 2.1%, which is comparable to that of advanced economies. It ranks among the world's leaders in the number of SCI and EI papers published and the number of invention patents granted. China's manufacturing has not only entered the world's leading ranks in the high-speed rail, construction machinery, communications equipment and other industries, but also emerged in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, new generation Internet, and quantum communications.
Second, developing countries and emerging market countries have become hot spots for international direct investment. With the continuous improvement of infrastructure in developing countries, their low-cost labor advantages have begun to appear, and labor-intensive sectors such as textiles, clothing and other labor-intensive industries and information technology processing and assembly have begun to accelerate the transfer to these countries. From 2007 to 2014, the proportion of developing countries (except China) and emerging market countries that attracted international direct investment flows increased from 26.9% and 31.7% to 51.4% and 53.2%, respectively.
Third, the developed countries still have an advantage in the frontier of technology. The actual effect of the “reindustrialization†of developed countries and the promotion of the backflow of manufacturing industries is not obvious. Take the United States as an example, in 2008, the proportion of added value of the manufacturing industry in GDP fell by 0.5 percentage points from 12.0% to 12.3% after the financial crisis. Basically, it fluctuates below 12.3% and there is no stronger performance. However, the comparative advantages of developed countries’ manufacturing industries have not changed significantly. The United States is still focused on revitalizing the manufacturing industry to give full play to its advantages in science and technology and human resources, and accelerate the development and industrialization of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, three-dimensional printing, virtual reality, life sciences, and new materials, in order to occupy the commanding heights of a new round of industrial competition. .
In general, the global manufacturing order has both changes and changes. What is changing is the increase in the proportion of emerging markets and developing countries. The right to speak in China’s manufacturing industry has further increased; the same is true of the global division of labor based on comparative advantage—emerging markets and developing countries are particularly manufacturing and labor-intensive. The industry has a cost advantage, while the developed countries have obvious advantages in the high-tech industry. They dominate the global value chain and occupy high value-added links, and further exert their control over the global industry by strengthening cutting-edge technological innovation.
The function of Manual Hydraulic Pump is to convert the mechanical energy of power machine (such as motor and internal combustion engine) into the pressure energy of liquid. Working principle:the CAM is driven by an electric motor. When the CAM pushes the plunger upward, the sealing volume formed by the plunger and the cylinder body decreases, and the oil is pushed out of the sealing volume through the one-way valve to the desired place. When the CAM rotates to the lower part of the curve, the spring forces the plunger down to a certain degree of vacuum, and the oil in the tank enters the sealing volume under the action of atmospheric pressure. The CAM keeps the plunger up and down, the sealing volume decreases and increases periodically, and the pump keeps absorbing and discharging oil.
Manual Hydraulic Pump
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