The crust abundance of copper is 68 × 10 -4 %, and the seawater content is 3 × 10 -7 %. Under the action of nature, the original copper ore produces many secondary copper minerals by substitution and oxidation. The closer to the surface oxidation, the more severe the oxidation minerals are formed. The main minerals of copper are shown in Table 1. The copper production and reserves of the world's major copper producing countries are shown in Table 2.
Table 1 Main minerals of copper
Deposit | mineral | Molecular formula | Deposit | mineral | Molecular formula |
Oxidation zone (secondary) | Natural copper | Cu | Oxidation zone (secondary) | Black copper mine | CuO |
malachite | Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 | Shallow deposit (secondary) | Copper ore | Cu 2 S | |
Water scorpion | Cu 4 (OH) 6 SO 4 | Copper blue | CuS | ||
Block copper | Cu 3 (OH) 4 SO 4 | Deep deposit (Native) | Chalcopyrite | CuFeS 2 | |
Chlorocopper | Cu 2 (OH) 3 CI | Copper ore | Cu 5 FeS 4 | ||
Azurite | Cu 3 (OH) 2 (CO 3 ) 2 | Sulfur arsenic copper ore | Cu 3 AsS 4 | ||
Chrysocolla | CuSiO 3 ·2H 2 O | Black sapphire copper mine | Cu 12 Sb 4 S 13 | ||
Copper mine | Cu 2 O | Arsenic bismuth copper ore | Cu 12 As 4 S 13 |
Table 2 Production and reserves of copper mines in major copper producing countries
country | Copper mine production | Reserve | Reserve basis | country | Copper mine production | Reserve | Reserve basis | ||
Year 1999 | 2000 | Year 1999 | 2000 | ||||||
United States | 160 | 145 | 4500 | 9000 | Canada | 61.4 | 65.0 | 1000 | 2300 |
Australia | 73.5 | 76.0 | 900 | 2300 | Chile | 438.2 | 450.0 | 8800 | 16000 |
China | 50 | 51 | 1800 | 3700 | Poland | 46 | 48 | 2000 | 3600 |
Indonesia | 74 | 85 | 1900 | 2500 | Russia | 53 | 52 | 2000 | 3000 |
Kazakhstan | 37.4 | 38.0 | 1400 | 2000 | Zambia | 26 | 26 | 1200 | 3400 |
Mexico | 36.2 | 39.0 | 1500 | 2700 | Other countries | 150 | 160 | 5000 | 11000 |
Peru | 53.6 | 53.0 | 1900 | 4000 | total | 1260 | 1290 | 34000 | 65000 |
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